Factors that accelerate expiration Temperature fluctuations: Repeated freeze-thaw cycles very damaging Each thaw = period of degradation One freeze-thaw: Minor impact Multiple cycles: Significant loss of potency Keep frozen continuously until ready to reconstitute Light exposure: UV and visible light degrade peptides Some peptides more photosensitive (GHK-Cu) Amber vials protect partially Keep vials in boxes or dark storage Air exposure: Oxygen causes oxidation Minimize time vial is open Don't store without cap Use quickly after reconstitution Moisture exposure (for powder): Even atmospheric humidity can start degradation Keep in sealed vials always Don't open unnecessarily Store in dry environment Contamination: Non-sterile technique introduces bacteria Bacterial enzymes destroy peptides rapidly Always use alcohol wipes Never touch rubber stopper Use bacteriostatic water to inhibit growth pH extremes: Some peptides unstable at wrong pH Reconstitute with appropriate solution Bacteriostatic water usually optimal (slightly acidic) Don't mix with other substances without knowledge Shelf life before reconstitution (lyophilized powder) How long dry peptides last in different conditions
Some PEs have been discontinued due to cytotoxicity or structural damage to the intestinal mucosa (McCartney et al., 2016
Polycythemia or hematocrit consistently above 54% may contraindicate TRT initiation until addressed
Oral care, for example, is important to prevent gum disease for GLP-1 users
The values were assessed using a Beckman DU-65, UV-VIS type, spectrophotometer, at the Department of Biochemistry of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova
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