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Notably, the principal therapeutic benefits of VD supplementation appeared to derive from its capacity to attenuate fibrogenic signaling, as evidenced by significant downregulation of TGF- and suppression of its downstream SMAD pathway (Ma et al., 2019)

Mechanistically, VD alleviated oxidative stress and inhibited ferroptosis through increased antioxidant capacity (GSH, MDA), reduced iron overload, and regulation of ferroptosis-related proteins

To support diversity of bacteria, I also look for a multi-strain probiotic, meaning there are many sources of good bacteria

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These findings indicated that grape pomace-derived polyphenols promoted probiotic growth while inhibiting pathogenic bacteria (357)

Beijing: National Medical Products Administration, 2021