Whereas it is tempting to explain diverging results by referring to different reward phases, there is not enough evidence on reward phase specificity of gastrointestinal hormones yet due to the focus on anticipation
Summary available from: AAIC 2026 Li S, et al
reports grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, FAES, Janssen, Eli Lilly & Company, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, Shire and UCB
So in a couple minutes, lets call it 10 minutes or less, that hormonal signal is completely gone
We have shown that the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin suppressed the interaction between DPP-4 and integrin 1, subsequently inhibiting the endothelial to mesenchymal transition program (Shi et al., 2015
Why that should concern you: Some research indicates that imbalances in glutathione levels play a role in the aging process (7)