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Increasing metabolic activity not only triggers the production of free oxygen radicals but also disrupts the antioxidant defense mechanism

For an overview of the steps in TMAO formation see this review on TMAO formation

According to the National Institutes of Health, vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is needed for healthy nerve cells, red blood cell formation, and the production of DNA

Correspondingly, DKO* epidermis exhibits increased 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) staining, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, consistent with ferroptosis induction in this context

Skoracka K, Ratajczak AE, Rychter AM, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Kamierczak I

Plays a role in the bodys ability to utilize fat as an energy source