L-Carnitine plays an important role in transporting fatty acids to the mitochondria, where they are converted into energy
Participants were assigned randomly to one of four groups: control (C), exercise (E), exercise plus protein (EP), or protein-only (P) for a duration of 16 weeks
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The IPGTTs were performed (glucose 2 g kg 1 i.p.) 5 min, 30 min, 2 h or 4 h after dosing and blood glucose was measured at different time points after the glucose challenge
Mechanistically, GLP-1R activation alleviates OA by fostering chondrocyte anabolic metabolism while inhibiting catabolism, safeguarding chondrocytes from endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, and displaying anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [15,16,17]