Girardi AC, Fukuda LE, Rossoni LV, Malnic G, Rebouas NA
FDA has documented over 400 adverseevent reports with compounded semaglutide and 300 with compounded tirzepatide, though the Alliance for Pharmacy Compounding disputes the reliability of those data
Abbreviations ABCG2: ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 Akt: Protein kinase B AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase BMP4: Bone morphogenetic protein 4 cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cas-3: Caspase-3 CDK2: Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 c-Myc: Myelocytomatosis oncogene CRC: Colorectal cancer CREB: CAMP-response element binding protein DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV E-cad: E-cadherin ECM: Extracellular matrix EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor ENZ: Enzalutamide EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase Ex-4: Exendin-4 FGFR: Fibroblast growth factor receptor GIP: Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1RAs: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists GPCR: G-protein-coupled receptor GSK3: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 HPV-16E7: Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 IGF: Insulin-like growth factor IL: Interleukin LC3I/II: Microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3I/II LNG-IUD: Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NETs: Neutrophil extracellular traps NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B PGR: Progesterone receptor PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase PKA: Protein kinase A PSC: Pancreatic stellate cell RCTs: Randomized controlled trials RhoA: Rho-associated kinase ROS: Reactive oxygen species S6K1: Ribosomal s6 kinase 1 SDF-1: Stromal cell-derived factor-1 SGLT2: Sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 SKP2: S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus TGF-: Transforming growth factor-beta TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TZD: Thiazolidinediones VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor References Feier CVI, Vonica RC, Faur AM, Streinu DR, Muntean C
Individualized Weight Loss * Based on Ivims published study, Ivim patients following the Ivim Protocol lost an average of 46% more weight over 68 weeks when compared to another published clinical GLP-1 trial that included a daily 500-calorie deficit, 150 minutes of weekly exercise, and in-person counseling every four weeks
Tips for Getting Aetna to Cover Your GLP-1 Ask your doctor to use diagnosis codes for both obesity (E66.01) and any comorbidities Document every prior weight loss attempt in your medical records before submitting the PA If your employer plan excludes anti-obesity medications, ask your HR department whether they would consider adding coverage during the next benefits cycle Consider using the Wegovy savings card or Zepbound savings program to reduce your copay even further Always compare GLP-1 providers by total monthly cost at your maintenance dose, not the advertised starting price
Retatrutide is an investigational, once-weekly injectable peptide that activates three receptors: GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon
